Evaluation of immobilizing agents as soil quality conditioners in addition to their metal(loid) immobilizing effect
Section snippets
INTRODUCTION
Soil contamination by trace metal (TM) poses potential risks to humans, directly through ingestion and indirectly through contact with contaminated soils, the food chain (soil-plant-human or soil-plant-animal-human), and consumption of contaminated groundwater (McLaughlin et al., 2000a). Soil contamination by toxic TMs also threatens food safety and decreases land usability for agricultural production (McLaughlin et al., 2000b; Ling et al., 2007). In addition, TMs affect the soil's ability to
Soil and immobilizing agents
The soil used in this experiment was sampled from a cultivated upland near an abandoned mining site in Gongju, Korea. Topsoil (0–25 cm) was collected and mixed homogeneously prior to pot incubation. The soil texture was sandy loam, and soil concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) (Table I) were high, greatly exceeding the local environmental guideline values outlined in the Soil Environmental Conservation Act 2010 (Ministry of Environment, Korea) of 25 mg kg-1 for As, 4 mg kg
Variations in TM phytoavailability
It was observed that all immobilizing agents were effective for at least three years, as evidenced by the significantly lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the leaves of B. rapa plants grown in the treatments with immobilizing agent(s) when compared with those in CK (Fig. 1). In particular, gypsum, as a DOC coagulator, was the most effective in metalloid (As) immobilization, whereas lime and fly ash, as pH change-inducing agents, and compost, as a TM sorption agent,
CONCLUSIONS
The role of immobilizing agents in improving soil quality, in addition to their TM immobilization efficiency, must be considered during selection for practical remediation of metal(loid)-contaminated soil. This is because proper soil function is not only influenced by metal(loid) toxicity, but also by other physicochemical and biological properties of soil. Soil quality parameters can directly influence soil productivity, as evidenced by the variation in the biomass of B. rapa plants in
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by Gyeongsang National University Grant in 2020–2021.
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