Effects of different continuous fertilizer managements on soil total nitrogen stocks in China: A meta-analysis
Section snippets
INTRODUCTION
Soil total nitrogen provides crops with sufficient nitrogen and promotes crop growth (Deng et al., 2020) by enhancing carbon uptake and stimulating crop photosynthesis (Vos et al., 2005). Soil organic nitrogen, which accounts for approximately 95% of soil total nitrogen (Ye et al., 2018), can be mineralized and subsequently absorbed by plants (Mooshammer et al., 2014). Soil nitrogen and carbon contents are important indicators of soil quality. It is well known that soil total nitrogen content
DATA COLLECTION AND DATA ANALYSIS
We searched Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (http://www.cnki.net/) for articles using key words related to soil total nitrogen, fertilizer types (chemical fertilizer or manure or straw), and long-term experiments. To minimize bias and compile a representative dataset, the studies selected had to fit the following criteria: i) initial and final soil total nitrogen contents or stock levels were reported with known years; ii) they were
Changes in soil TNS under different fertilization managements in relation to experimental duration
Relative to the initial TNS in soil, soil TNS after long-term fertilization managements significantly increased by 6.59%, 25.54%, 35.26%, and 47.51% on average in the CK, CF, CFS, and CFM treatments, respectively (Fig. 1a). The CFM and CFS treatments increased soil TNS for all three experimental durations. However, the CF treatments had no effect on soil TNS for the experimental duration of < 10 years, but increased it for the experimental durations of 10–20 years and > 20 years. In the CK
Changes in soil TNS under different fertilizer managements in relation to experimental duration
Total nitrogen is the core index of soil quality (Dalal et al., 2011), and substantial nitrogen sequestration is required to improve or maintain current soil TNS across all agroecosystems (Deng et al., 2020). We found that CFM and CFS changed soil TNS more compared to CF, with the highest increase detected under CFM (Fig. 1a, b), which is consistent with other studies (Hao et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2009; Gao et al., 2015; Li et al., 2018). It is likely that manure or straw addition improves
CONCLUSIONS
Experimental duration, initial soil TNS, soil texture, cropping system, and crop type significantly affected the changes in soil TNS after long-term different fertilization managements. Experimental duration was the most important factor affecting changes in soil TNS, followed by initial soil TNS. Changes in soil TNS after long-term fertilization managements were positively correlated with experimental duration, but negatively correlated with the initial TNS in soil. Soil TNS increased under
CONTRIBUTION OF AUTHORS
The first two authors contributed equally to this work.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Supplementary material for this article can be found in the online version.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Financial support was provided by China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (No. CARS-02-12) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31701384).
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