Effect of Silicon on Arsenic Concentration and Speciation in Different Rice Tissues

doi:10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60409-0

Pedosphere

Volume 28, Issue 3, June 2018, Pages 511-520

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60409-0 Get rights and content

Abstract

Rice is a major source of inorganic arsenic (As) exposure for billions of people worldwide. Therefore, strategies to reduce As accumulation in rice should be adopted. Silicon (Si) application can effectively mitigate As accumulation in rice. In this study, a pot experiment was performed to investigate the effect of Si on As speciation and distribution in different rice tissues. The results showed that Si addition significantly increased As and Si concentrations in soil solution and Si concentration in iron plaque formed around rice root surface, whereas As in the iron plaque was significantly decreased. Total As concentrations in the stem, leaf, husk, and brown rice were remarkably decreased by 51.9%, 31.9%, 33.8%, and 24.1%, respectively, after Si addition, and inorganic As concentrations were reduced by 52.3%, 35.5%, 50.1%, and 20.1%, respectively. Moreover, both dimethylarsinic acid concentration and percentage in rice grain were significantly elevated by Si application. Therefore, Si application is promising as a way to mitigate inorganic As accumulation in rice and to reduce consumer health risk.

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Millions of people worldwide are affected by arsenic (As) contamination, particularly in South and Southeast Asian countries, where large-scale dependence on the usage of As-contaminated groundwater in drinking and irrigation is a familiar practice. Rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation is commonly done in South and Southeast Asian countries as a preferable crop which takes up more As than any other cereals. The present article has performed a scientific meta-data analysis and extensive bibliometric analysis to demonstrate the research trend in global rice As contamination scenario in the timeframe of 1980–2023. This study identified that China contributes most with the maximum number of publications followed by India, USA, UK and Bangladesh. The two words ‘arsenic’ and ‘rice’ have been identified as the most dominant keywords used by the authors, found through co-occurrence cluster analysis with author keyword association study. The comprehensive perceptive attained about the factors affecting As load in plant tissue and the nature of the micro-environment augment the contamination of rice cultivars in the region. This extensive review analyses soil parameters through meta-data regression assessment that influence and control As dynamics in soil with its further loading into rice grains and presents that As content and OM are inversely related and slightly correlated to the pH increment of the soil. Additionally, irrigation and water management practices have been found as a potential modulator of soil As concentration and bioavailability, presented through a linear fit with 95% confidence interval method.
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Arsenic contamination in rice poses a significant health risk to rice consumers across the globe. This review examines the impact of water source and type on the speciation and methylation of arsenic in rice. The review highlights that groundwater used for irrigation in arsenic-affected regions can lead to higher total arsenic content in rice grains and lower proportions of methylated arsenic species. The methylation of As in rice is influenced by microbial activity in groundwater, which can methylate arsenic that is taken up by rice plants. Reclaimed water irrigation can also increase the risk of arsenic accumulation in rice crops, although the use of organic amendments and proper water management practices can reduce arsenic accumulation. Different water management regimes, such as continuous flooding irrigation, alternate wetting and drying, aerobic rice cultivation, and subsurface drip irrigation, can affect the speciation and methylation of As in rice. Continuous flooding irrigation reduces methylation of As due to anaerobic conditions, while alternate wetting and drying and aerobic rice cultivation promote methylation by creating aerobic conditions that stimulate the activity of arsenic-methylating microorganisms. Subsurface drip irrigation reduces total arsenic content in rice grains and increases the proportion of less toxic methylated arsenic species. The review also discusses the complex mechanisms of As-methylation and transport in rice, emphasizing the importance of understanding these mechanisms to develop strategies for reducing arsenic uptake in rice plants and mitigating health risks. The review addresses the impact of water source and type on arsenic speciation and methylation in rice and highlights the need for proper water management and treatment measures to ensure the safety of the food supply as well as aiding future research and policies to reduce health risks from rice consumption. The critical information gaps that this review addresses include the specific effects of different water management regimes on As-methylation, the role of microbial communities in groundwater in As-methylation, and the potential risks associated with the use of reclaimed water for irrigation.
Safety of African grown rice: Comparative review of As, Cd, and Pb contamination in African rice and paddy fields
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This review aimed to investigate the reported concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in rice cultivated in Africa and African rice paddies compared to other regions. It also aimed to explore the factors influencing these concentrations and evaluate the associated health risks of elevated As, Cd, and Pb exposure. Relevant data were obtained from electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using specific keywords related to arsenic, cadmium, lead, rice, Africa, paddy, and grain. While the number of studies reporting the concentrations of As, Cd, and Pb in rice and rice paddies in Africa is relatively low compared to other regions, this review revealed that most of the African rice and paddy soils have low concentrations of these metals. However, some studies have reported elevated concentrations of As, Cd, and Pb in paddy fields, which is concerning due to the increased use of agrochemicals containing heavy metals in rice production.
Nonetheless, agronomical interventions such as implementing alternate wetting and drying water management, cultivating cultivars with low accumulation of As, Cd, and Pb, amending rice fields with sorbents, and screening irrigation water can limit the bioaccumulation of these carcinogens in paddy fields using phytoremediation techniques. Therefore, we strongly urge African governments and organizations operating in Africa to enhance the capacity of rice farmers and extension officers in adopting approaches and practices that reduce the accumulation of these carcinogenic metals in rice. This is essential to achieve the sustainable development goal of providing safe food for all.
Arsenic (As) resistant bacteria with multiple plant growth-promoting traits: Potential to alleviate As toxicity and accumulation in rice
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A currently serious agronomic concern for paddy soils is arsenic (As) contamination. Paddy soils are mostly utilized for rice cultivation. Arsenite (As(III)) is prevalent in paddy soils, and its high mobility and toxicity make As uptake by rice substantially greater than that by other food crops. Globally, interest has increased towards using As-resistant plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) to improve plant metal tolerance, promote plant growth, and immobilize As to prevent its uptake and accumulation in the edible parts of rice as much as possible. This review focuses on the As-resistant PGPB characteristics influencing rice growth and the mechanisms by which they function to alleviate As toxicity stress in rice plants. Several recent examples of mechanisms responsible for decreasing the availability of As to rice and coping with As stresses facilitated by the PGPB with multiple PGP traits (e.g., phosphate and silicate solubilization, the production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, phytohormones, and siderophore, N₂ fixation, sulfate reduction, the biosorption, bioaccumulation, methylation, and volatilization of As, and arsenite oxidation) are also reviewed. In addition, future research needs about the application of As-resistant PGPB with PGP traits to mitigate As accumulation in rice plants are described.
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Citation Excerpt :
Moreover, mutants for PIN2 auxin efflux transporters in A. thaliana, showed accumulation of As in root tips (Ashraf et al., 2020). Considering the fact that application of Si as a fertilizer reduces the uptake of hazardous metalloids (Gang et al., 2018), agriculture waste from high Si accumulator species are now being used to lower the hazardous metalloid uptake (Seyfferth et al., 2016). At the molecular level, such observed benefits with Si supplementation may be due to the differential regulation of transporter genes.
Metalloids are a class of elements having properties like metals and non-metals which act as beneficial as well as hazardous for plant growth. Here, the precise role and molecular mechanism involved in the uptake and transport of different metalloids to different plant tissues is discussed. We have also described the efforts made to engineer the metalloid transport i.e. influx/efflux of metalloids that improve the uptake of beneficial metalloids and reduce hazardous metalloids. Metalloids like boron (B) and silicon (Si) play a beneficial role in plant growth and development. Optimum levels of these metalloids improve plant growth and immunity by various direct and indirect effects. On the other hand, metalloids like arsenic (As) and germanium (Ge) are detrimental for plants even at lower concentrations. The presence of these toxic entities inside cells disrupts cellular homeostasis by affecting the molecular, biochemical and physiological processes. The prospect to increase the uptake of beneficial metalloids and limit the hazardous metalloids and the challenges associated with the structural analogy and common transport mechanism is also discussed. The molecular insights into the biochemical and physiological aspects of metalloid transport and detoxification mechanisms will be helpful to exploit metalloid-derived benefits for crop improvement and accomplish food safety.
Alleviative mechanisms of silicon solubilizing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens mediated diminution of arsenic toxicity in rice
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Further, reduced arsenic content in husk and grain (Table S1) also determined the role of silicon solubilization in resisting arsenic transport in Si+As, SN+As and Si+SN+As treatments. Results are in accordance to earlier reports of Dwivedi et al. (2020) and Gang et al. (2018) which also showed less As content in husk and grain during silicon application. Correlation analysis of As with other mineral nutrients revealed positive correlation of As with Ni and Se in root [Ni (r² = 0.3355, Se (r² = 0.0079)] and shoot [Ni (r² = 0.4656) Se (r²=0.6722)]; while husk (r²= −0.0693) and grain (r²= −0.1427) showed negative correlation for Se.
Silicon (Si) has gained considerable attention for its utility in improved plant health under biotic and abiotic stresses through alteration of physiological and metabolic processes. Its interaction with arsenic (As) has been the compelling area of research amidst heavy metal toxicity. However, microbe mediated Si solubilization and their role for reduced As uptake is still an unexplored domain. Foremost role of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (NBRISN13) in impediment of arsenite (AsIII) translocation signifies our work. Reduced grain As content (52–72%) during SN13 inoculation under feldspar supplementation (Si+SN+As) highlight the novel outcome of our study. Upregulation of Lsi1, Lsi2 and Lsi3genes in Si+SN+As treated rice plants associated with restricted As translocation, frames new propositions for future research on microbemediated reduced As uptake through increased Si transport. In addition to low As accumulation, alleviation of oxidative stress markers by modulation of defense enzyme activities and differential accumulation of plant hormones was found to be associated with improved growth and yield. Thus, our findings confer the potential role of microbe mediated Si solubilization in mitigation of As stress to restore plant growth and yield.

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Effect of Silicon on Arsenic Concentration and Speciation in Different Rice Tissues

Abstract

Trends Plant Sci

Environ Pollut

J Hazard Mater

J Environ Sci

Environ Int

Trends Plant Sci

Trends Plant Sci

Geoderma

J Contam Hydrol

Environ Pollut

Water Res

Geoderma

Chemosphere

Trends Plant Sci

Environ Pollut

Effects of arsenic compound amendment on arsenic speciation in rice grain

Environ Sci Technol

Arsenic in rice (Oryza sativa L.) related to dynamics of arsenic and silicic acid in paddy soils

Environ Sci Technol

Phloem transport of arsenic species from flag leaf to grain during grain filling

New Phytol

Grain unloading of arsenic species in rice

Plant Physiol

Some significant functions of silicon to higher plants

J Plant Nutr

Identification and distribution of the readily soluble silicon pool in a temperate forest soil below three distinct tree species

Plant Soil

Arsenic speciation in the environment

Chem Rev

Silicon

Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol

Spatial and temporal variations of groundwater arsenic in South and Southeast Asia

Science

Silicon decreases the arsenic level in rice grain by limiting arsenite transport

J Plant Nutr Soil Sci

Identification of tetramethylarsonium in rice grains with elevated arsenic content

J Environ Monitor

Arsenic speciation and volatilization from flooded paddy soils amended with different organic matters

Environ Sci Technol

Arsenic uptake by rice is influenced by microbe-mediated arsenic redox changes in the rhizosphere

Environ Sci Technol

Microbial arsenic methylation in soil and rice rhizosphere

Environ Sci Technol

Summary report of the seventy-second meeting of JECFA. 2010

Compendium of Food Additive Specifications. JECFA 79th Meeting. FAO JECFA Monographs 16

Genetic diversity of arsenic accumulation in rice and QTL analysis of methylated arsenic in rice grains

Rice

The rice aquaporin Lsi1 mediates uptake of methylated arsenic species

Plant Physiol