Elsevier

Pedosphere

Volume 32, Issue 4, August 2022, Pages 649-659
Pedosphere

Effects of soil amendments, foliar sprayings of silicon and selenium and their combinations on the reduction of cadmium accumulation in rice

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(21)60052-8Get rights and content

ABSTRACT

Agricultural soil contamination by cadmium (Cd) is becoming one of the most serious environmental issues and public concerns. In this study, factorial arrangements of treatments were designed to explore the effects of two soil amendments, sodium sulfide-biofuel ash (SSBA) and lime (0.1%), and three foliar applications, silicon (Si, 2.5 mmol L-1), selenium (Se, 40 mg L-1), and their combination (SS), on Cd reduction in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in a pot experiment, which were then verified in a field experiment. Compared with the control without amendment but with spraying of deionized water, both SSBA and lime significantly reduced concentrations of CaCl2-extractable Cd in soil by 30%–39% and 31%–40% and Cd in brown rice by 44%–63% and 53%–72% in the pot and field experiments, respectively. Foliar Si, Se, and SS applications significantly reduced Cd accumulation in brown rice by 62%–64%, 72%–83%, and 39%–73%, respectively, increased rice grain yield, and improved antioxidant enzyme activities in rice leaves but with different trends in the pot and field experiments. Combinations of SSBA and lime with Si, Se, and SS had a non-significant synergistic effect on Cd reduction in brown rice compared to only foliar spraying or soil amendment in both pot and field experiments, although SSBA + Se and SSBA + Si reduced Cd concentration in brown rice by 16%–34% and 14%–24% compared to only foliar Si and Se and soil SSBA applications, respectively. Soil lime application and foliar Si spraying were the most cost-effective strategies to reduce Cd accumulation in brown rice in the field and pot experiments, respectively. Although soil amendments and foliar treatments were individually effective, their combinations failed to generate a significant synergistic reduction of Cd concentration in brown rice.

Section snippets

INTRODUCTION

Cadmium (Cd) is highly mobile in the soil-plant system (Ma F J et al., 2021) and is easily transferred from soil to the food chain (Nie et al., 2018). Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a primary staple crop, and its consumption is regarded as an important Cd exposure route to humans (Rizwan et al., 2016). Agricultural soils contaminated by Cd are becoming one of the most serious environmental issues and public concerns, because rice production in Cd-contaminated soils challenges the food security (

Pot experiment

Soil for the pot experiment was collected from a paddy field in Guixi, Jiangxi Province, China, which was contaminated by a large copper smelter approximately 6 km away. The collected soil was air-dried and crushed to screen a 10-mesh sieve. Basic soil properties were measured and presented in Text S1 and Table SI (see Supplementary Material for Text S1 and Table SI). Each pot (diameter, 35 cm; height, 25 cm) was filled with 10 kg soil, with soil Cd concentration of 0.82 mg kg-1 and

Effects of foliar Se and Si applications on plant growth and antioxidant enzyme activities

All treatments displayed an increase in grain yield by 4%–10% (P > 0.05) compared with control (Tables SIII–SV, see Supplementary Material for Tables SIII–SV) and significantly increased the Se concentration in brown rice under Se application (P < 0.05, Fig. S1, see Supplementary Material for Fig. S1). Activities of CAT and POD in rice leaves after foliar spraying are shown in Fig. 1. Compared with control, both Se and SS significantly enhanced CAT and POD activities of rice leaves by 24%–54%

CONCLUSIONS

Foliar Se and Si applications increased rice grain yield by 4%–10%, improved antioxidant enzyme activities in rice leaves, and significantly reduced Cd accumulation in brown rice by 39%–83%. Amendments of SSBA and lime significantly decreased CaCl2-extractable Cd concentration in soil and resulted in significant reductions in root Cd bioaccumulation and Cd transfer capacity from root to aerial tissues. Combined applications of SSBA + Si, SSBA + Se, and SSBA + SS reduced Cd accumulation in rice

CONTRIBUTION OF AUTHORS

Demin Li and Hongyan Liu contributed equally to this work.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This study was supported by the Key Scientific Research and Development Projects of Jiangxi Provence, China (No. 20194ABC28010) and the National Key Technology R&D Program, China (No. 2015BAD05B01).

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Supplementary material for this article can be found in the online version.

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