Effects of long-term fertilization with different substitution ratios of organic fertilizer on paddy soil
Section snippets
INTRODUCTION
Crops must continuously obtain nutrients from soil during their growth and development. Increasing human population size and reduction of arable land have led to an increase in the demand for food (Inselsbacher et al., 2010). Under such circumstances, farmers have prioritized grain yield over grain quality, with large amounts of chemical fertilizers being used to increase grain production. Brown rice quality has been found to be negatively correlated with the number of root tips, and the use of
Description of the long-term experiment and sample collection
A long-term field fertilizer experiment was conducted in an experimental rice field located at the Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gao'an, Jiangxi Province, China (28°26′ N, 115°14′ E) (Fig. S1a, see Supplementary Material for Fig. S1a). By the time of sampling, fertilization had been ongoing for five years. The crop succession was double-cropped rice. The early rice was transplanted in late April and harvested in mid-July. The late rice was transplanted in late July and harvested in late
Crop yield and soil properties under different fertilizations
To explore the effects of different fertilization treatments on rice yield, the yields of early and late rice in 2018 were calculated (Fig. 1). For both early and late rice, the yield without fertilization was the lowest, reaching 3 263 and 5 025 kg ha-1, respectively. Application of urea and various organic alternatives significantly increased rice yield (P < 0.01). The yields of early and late rice treated with urea were 6 407 and 7 276 kg ha-1, respectively. The highest yield of early rice
DISCUSSION
Chemical fertilizers are widely used in crop cultivation and significantly increase crop yield, but many studies have shown that long-term use of chemical fertilizers will cause soil acidification, soil compaction, and other hazards (Guo et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2010). With the development of green agriculture, the use of organic fertilizer has been widely promoted. Many previous studies have also shown that long-term use of organic fertilizer can significantly increase crop yield (Liang et al
CONCLUSIONS
Soil physical and chemical properties, bacterial community composition, and bacterial community function changed significantly after the application of different proportions of organic fertilizer as a substitute of inorganic fertilizer. Applying organic fertilizer can reduce soil acidification, supplement soil nutrients, increase soil OM content and abundance of beneficial microorganisms, and enhance the functions of soil microorganisms related to C and N cycles. Soil physical and chemical
CONTRIBUTION OF AUTHORS
Weifeng Song and Aiping Shu contributed equally to this work.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Nos. 2017YFD0301601 and 2016YFD0200402), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31560582), Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China (No. BOF201902), and the funds of the Shandong “Double Tops” Program, China.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Supplementary material for this article can be found in the online version.
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